1. Where does Chloe Stuart live?

2. Chloe Stuart takes photos with

3. When was Aya Sophia in Istanbul built?

4. The Bosporus bridge is

5. How long does the Holi festival last?

6. What is the text mostly about?

7. Tbilisi film studio was

8. A new generation of Georgian filmmakers

9. Which animals lived in the period when the pyramids were being built?

10. Prehistoric woolly mammoths

1. The speaker wrote her book for those who

2. The speaker’s parents were

3. The speaker became interested in writing when

4. Why did the speaker give up her job as an editor of a magazine?

5. Why did the speaker start writing her second book?

6. What made the speaker’s gardening book a success?

7. What makes her book different from other books on gardening?

8. What does the speaker say about the TV programme?

Task 3: Read the questions (1-8) and find the answers to them in the paragraphs (A-F) of the text. Some paragraphs correspond to more than one question.

(8 points)

Which paragraph

1. states the name of the university where Jeffrey Bezos received higher education?
2. mentions the process of selection of a company name?
3. names the birthplace of Jeffrey Bezos?
4. gives information about Jeffrey’s special interest in electrical devices?
5. gives information about the immediate financial success of the Amazon online store?
6. mentions Jeffrey Bezos’ first job after the graduation of the university?
7. could have the title: ‘Key to success’?
8. could have the title: ‘The first business project’?

A. Jeffrey Bezos best known as the founder, chief executive officer and president of the biggest online store, called Amazon, was born in 1964, in the state of New Mexico and raised in Houston, Texas. Jeffrey Bezos is also the owner of a major American daily newspaper The Washington Post and the founder of the space exploration company Blue Origin. His successful business projects have made him the richest person in the world. Jeffrey Bezos’ parents Ted and Jacklyn Jorgenson married very young, and their marriage lasted a year. Jeffrey Bezos was 4 years old when his mother remarried Mike Bezos, a Cuban immigrant.

B. Shortly after the wedding, Mike Bezos adopted four-year-old Jeffrey Jorgensen, whose surname was then changed to Bezos. Being a curious child, Jeffrey Bezos showed great interest in how different electrical devices⃰work. From ages 4 to 16 Bezos spent summers on his grandparents’ ranch in Texas, doing things like repairing windmills. Later he turned his parents’ garage into a laboratory and while still a child made various electrical mechanisms around his house. When Jeffrey Bezos was still a teenager, his family moved to Miami. Here, Jeffrey developed his love for computers. In high school he started his first business project, the Dream Institute. It was an educational summer camp for fourth, fifth and sixth graders.

C. Jeffrey Bezos graduated from Princeton University in 1986 with a degree in computer science and electrical engineering. After graduating university he refused to accept some of the job offers from successful companies. However, soon after he got his first job on Wall Street in New York. Wall Street is one of the most famous streets in the world, known for its role in the international financial system. Bezos worked in several Wall Street firms from 1986 to early 1994. Later, he moved to Seattle to study internet marketing and, as a result, opened a virtual bookstore. Together with his employees, Jeffrey Bezos began developing the details for his bright idea.

D. Jeffrey Bezos founded the online store Amazon in late 1994. He was carefully searching for the name of the company. Cadabra.com, awake.com. and others were different options for his company’s name. And finally, he named the company after the South American river the Amazon. The next stage was to decide what to sell. Jeffrey Bezos made a list of the top 20 products that he could possibly sell on the internet. He studied the list of the products carefully. Jeffrey Bezos noticed that books had universal demand and a wide range of titles were available. So, he decided to start with books. Amazon sold its first book online in July 1995. This was innovative for the time as very few companies were offering the opportunities that Amazon.com was.

E. Another advantage of an online store was that Jeffrey Bezos did not have to pay taxes for the products sold through the internet. This project was so successful that by September 1995, the sales had reached 20,000 USD a week, which turned the idea into an instantly profitable⃰ project. Within its first month, Amazon had already sold books to people in all 50 US states and in 45 different countries. In October 2002 Amazon added sales of clothes. Bezos’ number one aim was to make the service he offered as available and easily accessible as possible. He wanted Amazon to be ‘an everything store’.

F. Amazon’s quick development allowed Bezos to continue experimenting with new product lines and services. Not all of Bezos’ products were successful. But Amazon Prime, which offered free two-day shipping within the United States for a yearly fee of 79 USD, was an important success. Jeff Bezos’ life story shows that he achieved all his success thanks to his strong desire to learn new technologies, hard work and, of course, thanks to his distinctive leadership qualities. Amazon never stops offering new services to its customers. Today the company sells everything from books to container houses.

⃰electrical devices: ელექტრომოწყობილობები
⃰profitable: ფინანსურად მომგებიანი

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Task 4: Read the text and the questions which follow. For each question mark the correct answer (A, B, C or D) (8 points)

This is a true story of Dr Robert Ballard, an American oceanographer and marine geologist.
Everyone knows the story. In the early hours of April 15, 1912, an unimaginable thing happened. The Titanic, the largest, grandest ship of its time, struck an iceberg on its first voyage and sank beneath the waves of the Atlantic Ocean, taking with it more than 1,500 lives. The unsinkable ship that sank lay beneath the Atlantic Ocean undiscovered for 73 years. And then, in 1985, Dr Robert Ballard surprised the world when he announced that he had found the Titanic. But how? Robert Ballard was born on June 30, 1942, in Kansas and grew up in Pacific Beach, San Diego, California. There he fell in love with the ocean and became interested in sunken ships*. He remembers how it all started: ‘As a kid, I especially loved reading about the Titanic. From a very early age, I wanted to be Captain Nemo and explore the ocean floor. My lifelong dream was to find this great ship. So when I grew up I became an ocean explorer. And I never forgot my boyhood dream – to find the Titanic! But the task seemed impossible. Everyone agreed the ship was far too deep to reach. But I was determined to find her. So in August 1985, I led an American-French expedition to where the Titanic had sunk. We used high-tech equipment and machines to explore the ocean floor.
For weeks we found nothing. Then we sent down our new deep-sea underwater robot craft, called Argo. Its cameras took videos of the ocean floor and sent them back to us. Argo searched for several days. Still nothing. I was sure we had failed. Then soon after midnight on September 1, I decided to get some sleep. I really needed it. Barely an hour later, someone woke me up. Metal objects were showing up on the video screen. These things could only have come from a boat. Suddenly our team saw a huge ship engine! We had found the Titanic! We all jumped up shouting with joy and excitement. Over the next few days, Argo circled the sunken Titanic and photographed the ship at a depth of more than 3,962 metres. I almost couldn’t believe what I saw. The Titanic’s front part was stuck in mud. Yet the ship still looked huge. Before leaving the ship I promised to come back. I kept my word. In July 1986, I rode down to the Titanic in a tiny submarine*. And I sent a deep-sea robot, named J.J., into the ship. It glided inside the ship and looked into the gym and cabins. As J.J., the robot explored the ship interior, it sent photos to us. We also found many sad reminders of the Titanic’s passengers. It was almost like visiting a sunken museum.
Before leaving, I wanted to honour the tragic ship. So I left there a metal sign with the list of the passengers’ names to remember the people who had died. I left everything exactly the way I had found it. Then, in June 2004, I went back to see how the great ship was doing. I found that other visitors had really damaged the Titanic and had taken about 6,000 things from the ship. I was shocked because to me taking the Titanic’s things away is just like robbing a grave. The 109-year-old ship shouldn’t be disturbed in her final resting place. She is too weak and could just collapse if we tried to lift her to the surface. So now I want to put cameras around the ship. That way people can see the Titanic and remember her short, sad glory.’

*sunken ship: ჩაძირული გემი
*submarine: წყალქვეშა ნავი

1. This is a story of how

2. What was Dr Ballard’s biggest dream?

3. How did the expedition team explore the ocean floor?

4. When was the Titanic discovered?

5. When the team of explorers discovered the famous ship, they felt

6. The photos of the inside part of the Titanic were taken by

7. What happened in June 2004?

8. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

Task 5: Read the text and fill the gaps with the words given. Use each word only once. Two words are extra. (12 points)

Harry Potter is a series 1. of seven fantasy books written by the British ...... (1) J. K. Rowling. The books tell about the adventures of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger, all of whom are ...... (2) at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main ...... (3) is about Harry’s mission to overcome the Dark wizard Lord Voldemort. Lord Voldemort wants to live forever, conquer the ...... (4) of wizards and destroy all those who stand in his ...... (5), especially Harry Potter. Since the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, was ...... (6) on 30 June 1997, the books have gained great popularity and commercial ...... (7) worldwide. The books have also received some criticism including concern about the increasingly dark tone as more books continued to get published. By July 2013 the books had sold between 400 and 450 million ...... (8). Thus, the Harry Potter books became one of the best-selling book series. They were translated into 76 ...... (9). The last four books became the fastest-selling books in ...... (10). Approximately 11 million copies of the final part were sold in the United States during the first twenty-four hours after its publication. The Harry Potter books were originally printed in English by two major ...... (11) - Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. The books have since been published by many publishing houses worldwide. Because of the success of the books and films, thematical areas called The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, based on J. K. Rowling’s famous books, have been ...... (12) at several parks.

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